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Phonotactics (in Greek language
phone = voice and
tactic = course) is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a
language on the permissible combinations of
phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible
syllable structure,
consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of
phonotactical constraints.
Phonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in
Japanese language, consonant clusters like are not allowed, although they are in
English language. Similarly, the sounds and are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German language and
Dutch language.
Syllables have the following internal segmental structure:
- Syllable onset (optional)
- Syllable rime (obligatory, comprises Nucleus and Coda):
- Syllable nucleus (obligatory)
- Syllable coda (optional)
Both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable, or alternatively, the nucleus can be occupied by a syllabic consonant.
English phonotactics
The English syllable (and word)
twelfths is divided into the onset , the nucleus , and the coda , and it can thus be described as CCVCCCC (C = consonant, V = vowel). On this basis it is possible to form rules for which representations of phoneme classes may fill the cluster. For instance, English allows at most three consonants in an onset, but among native words under standard accents, phonemes in a three-consonantal onset are limited to the following scheme:{{cite book | last = Crystal
| first = David
| authorlink = David Crystal
| title = The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
| publisher = [Cambridge University Press
| year = 2003
| isbn = 9780521530330
| pages = 243
| chapter = 17: The Sound System -->
+
pulmonic +
approximant consonant:
* + +
* + +
* + +
* + +
This constraint can be observed in the pronunciation of the word
blue: originally, the vowel of
bl'ue
was identical to the vowel of c'ue, approximately . In most dialects of English, shifted to . Theoretically, this would produce **. The cluster , however, infringes the constraint for three-consonantal onsets in English. Therefore, the pronunciation has been reduced to by elision of the .
Other languages don't share the same constraint: compare
Spanish language pliegue or French language pluie .
Sonority hierarchy
In general, the rules of phonotactics operate around the sonority hierarchy, stipulating that the nucleus has maximal sonority and that sonority decreases as you move away from the nucleus. The
voiceless alveolar fricative is lower on the sonority hierarchy than the alveolar lateral approximant , so the combination is permitted in onsets and is permitted in codas, but is not allowed in onsets and is not allowed in codas. Hence
slips and
pulse are possible English words while
*lsips and
*pusl are not. There are of course exceptions to this rule, but in general it holds for the phonotactics of most languages.
Notes and references
Phonotactics (in
Greek language phone = voice and
tactic = course) is a branch of
phonology that deals with restrictions in a
language on the permissible combinations of
phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and
vowel sequences by means of
phonotactical constraints.
Phonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in Japanese language, consonant clusters like are not allowed, although they are in
English language. Similarly, the sounds and are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German language and
Dutch language.
Syllables have the following internal segmental structure:
- Syllable onset (optional)
- Syllable rime (obligatory, comprises Nucleus and Coda):
Both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable, or alternatively, the nucleus can be occupied by a
syllabic consonant.
English phonotactics
The English syllable (and word)
twelfths is divided into the onset , the nucleus , and the coda , and it can thus be described as CCVCCCC (C = consonant, V = vowel). On this basis it is possible to form rules for which representations of phoneme classes may fill the cluster. For instance, English allows at most three consonants in an onset, but among native words under standard accents, phonemes in a three-consonantal onset are limited to the following scheme:{{cite book | last = Crystal
| first = David
| authorlink = David Crystal
| title = The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
| publisher = [Cambridge University Press
| year = 2003
| isbn = 9780521530330
| pages = 243
| chapter = 17: The Sound System -->
+
pulmonic + approximant consonant:
* + +
* + +
* + +
* + +
This constraint can be observed in the pronunciation of the word
blue: originally, the vowel of
bl'ue
was identical to the vowel of c'ue, approximately . In most dialects of English, shifted to . Theoretically, this would produce **. The cluster , however, infringes the constraint for three-consonantal onsets in English. Therefore, the pronunciation has been reduced to by
elision of the .
Other languages don't share the same constraint: compare
Spanish language pliegue or French language pluie .
Sonority hierarchy
In general, the rules of phonotactics operate around the
sonority hierarchy, stipulating that the nucleus has maximal sonority and that sonority decreases as you move away from the nucleus. The voiceless alveolar fricative is lower on the sonority hierarchy than the alveolar lateral approximant , so the combination is permitted in onsets and is permitted in codas, but is not allowed in onsets and is not allowed in codas. Hence
slips and
pulse are possible English words while
*lsips and
*pusl are not. There are of course exceptions to this rule, but in general it holds for the phonotactics of most languages.
Notes and references
Phonotactics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See Help:IPA for a pronunciation key.
Category:Phonotactics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pages in category "Phonotactics" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. Updates to this list can occasionally be delayed for a few days.
Summary: phonotactics
Summary: phonotactics. Findings show: prenuclear accent likely to be repeated Cambridge but not in Belfast A variety-specific parameter? Caveat: typical Belfast mixed head:
Summary: phonotactics
Slide 16 of 35
Theiling Online: Random Word Generation
This program lets you define phonotactics and generate words. You can define statistical weights for randomisation. It is used as follows (examples for CLisp and the Tyl-Sjok ...
phonotactics. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English ...
phonotactics. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. ... SYLLABICATION: pho·no·tac·tics: PRONUNCIATION: f n-t k t ks: NOUN: (used with ...
SIL Bibliography: Phonotactics
Bibliography listing for Phonotactics ... Reduced 25% now US$ 60. Hardcover library binding; 1,272 pages; Articles for 6,912 living languages; Index of 39,491 language names; 208 ...
Phonotactics be damned! : The Name Inspector
Suppose you want to write a computer program to look for unregistered domain names. You could devise a simple algorithm to produce all possible combinations of four letters, five ...
The self-organization of combinatoriality and phonotactics in ...
This paper shows how a society of agents can self-organize a shared vocalization system that is discrete, combinatorial and has a form of primitive phonotactics, starting from ...
A challenge to current models of past tense inflection: The impact of ...
A challenge to current models of past tense inflection: The impact of phonotactics ChloeR. Marshall, Heather K.J. van der Lely * Centre for Developmental Language Disorders and ...
